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    <subfield code="a">Who's black and why? : </subfield>
    <subfield code="b">a hidden chapter from the eighteenth-century invention of race /</subfield>
    <subfield code="c">Edited by Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and Andrew S. Curran.</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Cambridge , Massachusetts ; </subfield>
    <subfield code="a">London, England : </subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">xvi, 303 pages : </subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Originally published: 2022</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Includes bibliographical references and index.</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Preface: Who is black and why? -- Part I. The 1741 essays on the "degeneration" of black skin and hair -- Introduction: Bordeaux's Royal Academy of Science and the 1741 contest on skin and hair -- Blackness through the power of God -- Blackness through the soul of the father -- Blackness through the maternal imagination -- Blackness as a moral defect -- Blackness as a result of the torrid zone -- Blackness as a result of divine providence -- Blackness as a result of heat and humidity -- Blackness as a reversible accident -- Blackness as a result of hot air and darkened blood -- Blackness as a result of a darkened humor -- Blackness as a result of blood flow -- Blackness as an extension of optical theory -- Blackness as a result of an original sickness -- Blackness degenerated -- Blackness classified -- Blackness dissected -- Part II. The 1772 contest on "preserving" Negroes -- Introduction: The 1772 essays on "preserving" Negroes -- A slave ship surgeon on the crossing -- A Parisian humanitarian on the slave trade -- Louis Alphonse, Bordeaux apothecary, on the crossing.</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">In 1739 Bordeaux&#x2019;s Royal Academy of Sciences held an essay contest seeking answers to a pressing question: What was the cause of Africans&#x2019; black skin? Published here for the first time and translated into English, these early documents of scientific racism lay bare the Enlightenment origins of the phantom of racial hierarchy.</subfield>
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